The history of birth control is political. This 1986 poster from China encourages the use of contraception to conform to the ‘one-child’ policy adopted in 1978Photograph: IISH Stefan R. Landsberger Collection/Babies & Books ExhibitionA chamber used to incubate human embryos during the development of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) in the 1970s. For such a crucial device it is surprisingly makeshift, having been adapted from a standard laboratory desiccatorPhotograph: Babies & Books Exhibition‘Every 15 seconds $100 of your money goes for the care of persons with bad heredity’. In the 1920s, the American Eugenics Society displayed posters like this to encourage ‘fitter family’ contestsPhotograph: Babies & Books ExhibitionWilliam Hunter’s 1774 depiction of the uterus is striking in its graphic detail. The dismembered abdomen serves to separate sex from reproductive anatomyPhotograph: Syndics of Cambridge University Library/Babies & Books ExhibitionAristotle’s 'masterpiece' was neither by Aristotle nor a masterpiece. Pasted together from two earlier texts in 1684, its espousal of the importance of pleasure to conception reserved its place in Soho sex shops right up to the 1930sPhotograph: Private Collection/Babies & Books ExhibitionThis 16th century pamphlet depicts a monstrous creature, dubbed ‘Pope-ass’, in front of the Castel Sant’Angelo in Rome. Teratology (encompassing the study of human birth defects) has a history of being used to satisfy political and religious endsPhotograph: Syndics of Cambridge University Library/Babies & Books ExhibitionThroughout European history the Virgin Mary has been the model for motherhood. This 15th century French manuscript depicts the baby Jesus suckling at the Virgin’s teatPhotograph: Syndics of Cambridge University Library/Babies & Books ExhibitionA 13th century manuscript entitled Bestiarium deliberates over whether weasels conceive or give birth through their earPhotograph: Syndics of Cambridge University Library/Babies & Books Exhibition